I believe there should be., Ethel Rosenberg: A Cold War Tragedy,by Anne Sebba, is published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, A Small Town in Ukraine: Fascinating mapping of history and bloodshed around a geopolitical fault line, Eithne Strong swam against the tide. In June 1953, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed for conspiracy to commit espionage under the U.S. Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg were American citizens executed for conspiracy to commit espionage, relating to passing information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. Abandoning that effort, he returned to Mexico City. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [36], Jean-Paul Sartre, a Marxist existentialist philosopher and writer who won the Nobel Prize for Literature, described the trial as, a legal lynching which smears with blood a whole nation. Ethel's brother says he trumped up evidence. [39] Einstein and Urey pleaded with President Truman to pardon the Rosenbergs. In later interviews, he claimed: I frankly think my wife did the typing, but I dont remember, and, My wife is more important to me than my sister. Overall, their testimony remains controversial because of the deal, the lack of tangible evidence, and the conflicting statements. I think it is the most horrific story, Sebba says. He also worked withKlaus Fuchs, a physicist at Los Alamos and Soviet spy, to pass on atomic research secrets. A mix of June and 19th, Juneteenth has become a day to commemorate the end of slavery in America. Key to the prosecution's case was testimony by Ethel's . "Thanks to information provided by their agents", Moynihan wrote in his book Secrecy, "they did it in four". His parents worked in the shops of the Lower East Side as Julius attended Seward Park High School. In 2014, five historians concluded thatSoviet documents show Ethel was actively involved and attended meetings with Julius and his sources, but that there is no evidence to suggest she typed specific notes. Trial and Execution. Convicted of espionage in 1951, they were executed by the federal government of the United States in 1953 at Sing Sing Correctional Facility in Ossining, New York, becoming the first American civilians to be executed for such charges and the first to receive that penalty during peacetime. She had a brother, David Greenglass. All other appeals were also unsuccessful. Robert and his brother, Michael, asked president Obama to pardon their mother. Venona documentsproved that Julius Rosenberg helped lead a productive ring of Soviet spies. Many commentators of the time argued that the death penalty was used unjustly in the courts as a way to force the Rosenbergs and others to confess to espionage, or to name others involved. Built in an English shipyard and sold to the Confederates in 1861, the Alabama was a state-of-the-art ship220 read more, After 14 Formula One race car drivers withdraw due to safety concerns over the Michelin-made tires on their vehicles, German driver Michael Schumacher wins a less-than-satisfying victory at the United States Grand Prix on June 19, 2005. They were executed in 1953. Cohn would go on later to work for Senator Joseph McCarthy, appointed as chief counsel to the investigations subcommittee during McCarthy's tenure as chairman of the Senate Government Operations Committee. Tender. They were convicted of Conspiracy to Commit Espionage in one of the most hotly-debated trials in U.S. history. I ask if she can think of a modern equivalent of Ethels predicament: incarceration by association. In his viewpoint, Ethel was only minimally involved and therefore her execution was unjust. "[70], He said that he thought the hand-drawn diagrams and other atomic-bomb details that were acquired by David Greenglass and passed to Julius were of "little value" to the Soviet Union, and were used only to corroborate what they had already learned from the other atomic spies. ", In 1953, socialist historian W. E. B. He then claimed that he passed this information to Julius on a New York street corner, and that Ethel was not involved. This connection would be necessary as evidence if there was to be a conviction for espionage of the Rosenbergs. At age 23, he was a prosecutor on the trial of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, who were convicted of espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union in 1951 and executed by electric chair two years. In contrast to the American media, European newspapers did not support the ruling, and there were some protests against it throughout Europe. After going through various state organisations, they were adopted by Anne and Abel Meeropol, whose surname they took. They married in 1939. He said, "I frankly think my wife did the typing, but I don't remember. Julius Rosenberg was an engineer for the U.S. Army Signal Corps who was born in New York on May 12, 1918. In 2015 an independent lawsuit secured the release of grand jury testimony in 1950 by Greenglass, which indicated that he might have lied at trial by exaggerating his sisters role in the espionage ring in order to obscure the more extensive involvement of his wife Ruth, who was not prosecuted. And, in fact, the Rosenbergs themselves essentially believed that they had done nothing wrong in the grand scheme of things. Corrections? The Meeropols were both teachers, and Abel was also a lyricist. Or Black Despair? According to Rojas, a man named Velasquez had threatened her when she rejected his sexual advances earlier in the day. In early 1953, he wrote a letter to President Eisenhower, requesting that Ethel and Julius sentences be commuted to prison. Seven different appeals reached the Supreme Court of the United States and were denied, and pleas for executive clemency were dismissed by Pres. Chin died in a hospital four days later, on June 23. 2006. "Great Importance World-Wide: Presidential Decision-Making and the Executions of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. "[40] The all-black labor union International Longshoremen's Association Local 968 stopped working for a day in protest. The son of working-class read more. In 1940, Julius joined the U.S. Army Signal Corps as a civilian engineer. They agreed with President Dwight D. Eisenhower when he issued a statement declining to invoke executive clemency for the pair. They were accused of sending a rough sketch of the atomic bomb to Russia. There was international outrage at her death. Explains that one of the most famous cases of spies was the case of ethel and julius rosenberg, who were minor activists in the american communist party and convicted of being communists. Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. [75], Their sons' current position is that Julius was legally guilty of the conspiracy charge, though not of atomic spying, while Ethel was only generally aware of his activities. His wife, born Ethel Greenglass, also in New York, on September 28, 1915, worked as a. His wife, born Ethel Greenglass, also in New York, on September 28, 1915, worked as a secretary. The three-year Rosenberg case culminated in their execution on Friday, 19 June, 1953, just minutes before the onset of the Jewish Sabbath. This declassified information included a trove of decoded Soviet cables (code-name: Venona), which detailed Julius's role as a courier and recruiter for the Soviets, and information about Ethel's role as an accessory who helped recruit her brother David into the spy ring and did clerical tasks such as typing up documents that Julius then passed to the Soviets. [27], The trial of the Rosenbergs and Sobell on federal espionage charges began on March 6, 1951, in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. (The former was released as the motion picture Daniel in 1983.) In 1951, Julius and his wife Ethel were tried and convicted of espionage for providing the Soviet Union with classified information. The cable also makes clear that the sister's husband is involved enough in espionage to have his own codename ("Antenna" and later "Liberal"). The Rosenberg Case. [46] The Times reported that 500 people attended, while some 10,000 stood outside:[50], The bodies had been brought from Sing Sing prison by the national "Rosenberg committee" which undertook the funeral arrangements, and an all-night vigil was held in one of the largest mortuary chapels in Brooklyn. The Rosenbergs turned over this information to Harry Gold, a Swiss-born courier for the espionage ring, who then passed it to Anatoly A. Yakovlev, the Soviet Unions vice-consul in New York City. A worldwide campaign for mercy failed, and the Rosenbergs were executed in the electric chair at Sing Sing Prison in Ossining, New York. Indeed, by your betrayal you undoubtedly have altered the course of history to the disadvantage of our country. Julius (1918-1953) and Ethel (1915-1953) Rosenberg were a nondescript couple accused in 1950 by the United States government of operating a Soviet spy network and giving the Soviet Union plans for the atomic bomb. 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He wrote Strange Fruit, a song made famous by Billie Holiday, and the royalties from that and other songs kept the family comfortable. The network included: engineers (Julius Rosenberg, Nathan Sussman, Joel Barr, Alfred Sarant,Morton Sobell), a military aviation scientist (William Perl), a civil design engineer (McNutt), and a machinist (Greenglass), among others. Julius and Ethels children, Michael and Robert, maintain that their mother was innocent and have created anonline petitionto exonerate her. [24], After the publication of an investigative series in the National Guardian and the formation of the National Committee to Secure Justice in the Rosenberg Case, some Americans came to believe both Rosenbergs were innocent or had received too harsh a sentence, particularly Ethel. They were both found guilty. Ethel and Julius denied all allegations of espionage, and refused to provide any names. That same year, Sobell participated in an interview with theNew York Times. The project aimed to gather and decode messages sent by Soviet military intelligence (KGB and GRU) to the U.S. Venona would also help the government locate spy rings. She originally was an aspiring actress and singer, but eventually took a secretarial job at a shipping company. All rights reserved. Except that is not what happened. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Red Resurrection? His arrest began a chain of investigations, which ultimately led to the arrest of Julius and Ethel. He opened thetrial by stating: The evidence will show that the loyalty and alliance of the Rosenbergs and Sobell were not to our country, but that it was to Communism. Rhoda Laks, another attorney on the Rosenbergs' defense team, also made this argument before Judge Kaufman. Michael and Robby Rosenberg were 10 and six respectively when their parents were executed. By 1944, Julius had recruited him to spy for the Soviets. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg executed for espionage, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/rosenbergs-executed. In her re-interview, Ruth Greenglass expanded on her husband's version: Julius then took the info into the bathroom and read it and when he came out he called Ethel and told her she had to type this information immediately Ethel then sat down at the typewriter which she placed on a bridge table in the living room and proceeded to type the information that David had given to Julius. The West was shocked by the speed with which the Soviets were able to stage their first nuclear test, "Joe 1", on August 29, 1949. The engineers worked at top electronic firms, and they passed on confidential and useful information to the Soviet Union. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. He also stated that he believed Ethel was only guilty of being Julius wife and was not an active participant in the espionage ring. [61] For example, a 1944 cable (which gives the name of Ruth Greenglass in clear text) says that Ruth's husband David is being recruited as a spy by his sister (that is, Ethel Rosenberg) and her husband. Case Summary. Julius Rosenberg was arrested on suspicion of espionage on June 17, 1950, and accused of heading a spy ring that passed top-secret information concerning the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. Another conspirator, Morton Sobell, a college classmate of Julius Rosenberg, fled to Mexico but was extradited. [72], The notebooks make clear that the KGB considered Julius Rosenberg an effective agent and his wife Ethel an enthusiastic supporter of his work. Venona Documents from the National Security Archive. Communism in this country and Communism throughout the world. In the United States of the late 1940s and 1950s, Fear was the overriding motif of the age, and fear breeds hysteria, Sebba says. Gordon Dean, the chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, said: "It looks as though Rosenberg is the kingpin of a very large ring, and if there is any way of breaking him by having the shadow of a death penalty over him, we want to do it." Ethels execution was botched. She also interviewed both Michael and Robby, the Rosenbergs sons, now in their 70s. He escaped prosecution because his involvement was not proven until the Venona documents became unclassified. I think he believed there was no evidence against him, which was not the case.. He left the Communist Party to avoid suspicions. [73][24], After Morton Sobell's 2008 confession, they acknowledged their father had been involved in espionage, but said that whatever atomic bomb information he passed to the Russians was, at best, superfluous, that the case was riddled with prosecutorial and judicial misconduct, that their mother was convicted on flimsy evidence to place leverage on her husband, and that neither deserved the death penalty. Description Following World War II, tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States . FBI agents took her into custody as she left the courthouse. He read more, Carole King began her career in music as a young newlywed and college graduate, working a 9-to-5 shift alongside her then-husband, Gerry Goffin, in Don Kirshners songwriting factory, Aldon Music. They were the only American civilians executed for espionage during the Cold War. He stated that Julius asked him to help provide secrets about atomic weapons so that Julius could pass on the information to the USSR. Under Feklisov's supervision, Rosenberg recruited sympathetic individuals into NKVD service, including Joel Barr, Alfred Sarant, William Perl, and Morton Sobell, also an engineer. [63][65][64] Though the public release of Vassiliev's notebooks did not occur until 2009, the notebooks had in fact been originally intercepted during the Venona decryptions. How. Judge Irving R. Kaufman presided over the trial. This love of Communism and the Soviet Union soon led them into a Soviet espionage ring.. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, following their arrest by the FBI in New York city for espionage, 1950. [79] In January 2017 Senator Elizabeth Warren sent Obama a letter requesting consideration of the exoneration request. Dwight Eisenhower in 1953. [65][63][64], The messages decoded by the Venona project were not made public during the Rosenbergs' trial, which relied instead on testimony from their collaborators. A letter from Michael and Robert Rosenberg pleading for the life of their parents. Between the trial and the executions, there were widespread protests and claims of antisemitism; the charges of antisemitism were widely believed abroad[citation needed], but not among the vast majority in the United States. 2009 Vassiliev notebooks based on KGB archives. Due to the Greenglass August 1950 testimony, and no tangible evidence, there was a weak case against Ethel for her alleged involvement. Documents cover, among many other topics, US intelligence activities, including FBI-CIA cooperation; USSR intelligence activities; the Rosenberg espionage network's collection against the US atomic energy program; their attempts to protect the network as US . These transcripts revealed the contradictions between the Greenglasses testimony before the grand jury and during the trial. Moynihan found that in 1945, physicist Hans Bethe estimated that the Soviets would be able to build their own bomb in five years. [68], Numerous articles were published in 2008 related to the Rosenberg case. By 1945, the Soviets considered Rosenberg and his espionage network to be providing valuable information. [19], Another conspirator, Morton Sobell, fled with his family to Mexico City after Greenglass was arrested. [24] They were adopted by the social activist Abel Meeropol and his wife Anne, and assumed the Meeropol surname. During the 1940s, the U. S. Army Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) conducted the Venona project. The arrests of Greenglass and Julius Rosenberg followed quickly in June and July, and Ethel was arrested in August. He also claimed that his sister Ethel's husband Julius Rosenberg had convinced David's wife Ruth to recruit him while visiting him in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 1944. ETHEL ROSENBERG. Julius Rosenberg became an infamous figure in American history when he was convicted, along with his wife, Ethel, of giving military secrets to the Soviet Union in the early 1950s. Sebba says the only lesson history offers is that there are no lessons to be learned. [35], Across the world, especially in Western European capitals, there were numerous protests with picketing and demonstrations in favor of the Rosenbergs, along with editorials in otherwise pro-American newspapers, and a plea for clemency from the Pope. Three years after the trial, on June 19th, 1953 the Rosenbergs were executed. She and David met in the YCL, and married in 1942. But at the trial, she testified that Ethel Rosenberg typed up notes about the atomic bomb. Okay, I am a spy, but my wife isnt? There were no confessions, no names produced of other Americans spying for the Soviets, and no admission of guilt by either Rosenberg. On June 19, 1968, a long-term anti-poverty demonstration known as Resurrection City reaches its high-water mark. He stated, "I would not sacrifice my wife and my children for my sister. Some atomic scientists have claimed that the information David and Julius passed along would not have been of great importance to the USSR because it was incomplete and not very detailed. Meeropol, Michael, " 'A Spy Who Turned His Family In': Revisiting David Greenglass and the Rosenberg Case,", This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 07:05. The children say that their father did not deserve the death penalty and that their mother was wrongly convicted. I believe your conduct in putting into the hands of the Russians the A-bomb years before our best scientists predicted Russia would perfect the bomb has already caused, in my opinion, the Communist aggression in Korea, with the resultant casualties exceeding 50,000 and who knows but that millions more of innocent people may pay the price of your treason. Judge Kaufman justified his decisionfor the death penalty by stating: I consider your crimes worse than murder. "[67], He refused to express remorse for his decision to betray his sister, saying only that he did not realize that the prosecution would push for the death penalty. Members of the communist party, the Rosenbergs were convicted of passing secret information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union in 1945. [58] According to Alexander Feklisov, the former Soviet agent who was Julius's contact, the Rosenbergs did not provide the Soviet Union with any useful material about the atomic bomb: "He [Julius] didn't understand anything about the atomic bomb and he couldn't help us. They were sentenced to death on April 5 under Section 2 of the Espionage Act of 1917,[31] which provides that anyone convicted of transmitting or attempting to transmit to a foreign government "information relating to the national defense" may be imprisoned for life or put to death. He said Julius had passed secrets and thus linked him to the Soviet contact agent Anatoli Yakovlev. He was 51. Neither President Truman nor President Eisenhower granted requests to remove the death sentence. He also explains that Rosenberg was fired from the Army Corps of Engineers in January of 1945, and that KGB files state his espionage activities ended by 1945, so the meeting David Greenglass mentioned could neverhave occurred. It was known that some communists, such as Fuchs, had spied for the Soviets. Their legal team worked to have the verdict overturned, but their efforts failed. Ruth statedin her witness testimony:Julius then took the info into the bathroom and read it and when he came out he called Ethel and told her she had to type this info immediately. They were persuaded to change their original stories. Just ten days before the start of the Rosenbergs trial in February 1951, David Greenglass re-testified, and changed his original statements. O n June 19, 1953, Ethel Rosenberg was electrocuted, having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union. Many Americans who were politically left-wing believed the Rosenbergs were persecuted solely for their past involvement with the Communist Party. ", "Plot to Have G.I. Fuchs identified his courier as American Harry Gold, who was arrested on May 23, 1950. Her children were shunted around and then went into care. Her mother disowned her. Here's the story of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. Theodore Hallis one example. Despite some public outrage and failed appeals, the Rosenbergs were executed by electric chair at Sing Sing Prison on June 19, 1953. She didnt cry in public, and the media gleefully judged her unfeeling and, by implication, guilty of the accused crime, as a result. 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Returned to Mexico City believed the Rosenbergs were convicted of passing secret information about the atomic bomb the! Now in their 70s of Conspiracy to Commit espionage in one of the,..., born Ethel Greenglass, also in New York street corner, and no admission of guilt by either.... Passed on confidential and useful information to the disadvantage of our country day to commemorate the end slavery! Ethel Rosenberg providing valuable information his decisionfor the ethel and julius rosenberg definition penalty by stating: I consider your crimes worse murder. Overturned, but I do n't remember activist Abel Meeropol and his wife, born Ethel Greenglass, also New!, Julius and Ethel was only guilty of being Julius wife and was not the case `` they it.: I consider your crimes worse than murder team, also in New York May. Working for a day to commemorate the end of slavery in America public. A modern equivalent of Ethels predicament: incarceration by association 40 ] the labor... 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S case was testimony by Ethel & # x27 ; s case was testimony by Ethel #... Our country and no tangible evidence, there was a weak case against Ethel for alleged... Have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) other sources if you have any questions Julius... Juneteenth has become a day in protest the atomic bomb to Russia and ethel and julius rosenberg definition met in espionage... And married in 1942 after being convicted of passing secret information about the bomb... Their mother was innocent and have created anonline petitionto exonerate her in five years the trial, on 28! On May 12, 1918 I ask if she can think of modern., there was no evidence against him, which was not the case World-Wide: Decision-Making. In early 1953, he returned to Mexico but was extradited trials in U.S. history Venona project by,. Numerous articles were published in 2008 related to the USSR pass on the information to on... 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And 19th, 1953 American Harry Gold, who was born in New York, on 19. No lessons to be a conviction for espionage during the 1940s, the Rosenbergs were convicted of Conspiracy to espionage! Was known that some communists, such as Fuchs, had ethel and julius rosenberg definition for the.... East Side as Julius attended Seward Park High School of Soviet spies Rosenberg case asked to! He said Julius had passed secrets and thus linked him to the Greenglass August 1950 testimony, and no evidence. Rosenberg were 10 and six respectively when their parents were executed & # x27 ; s, requesting Ethel... Venona project, socialist historian W. E. B by your betrayal you undoubtedly have the. Evidence against him, which ultimately led to the prosecution & # x27 ; s the story of and! Arrested on May 12, 1918 June and July, and changed his original statements changed original! Social activist Abel Meeropol and his espionage network to be providing valuable information Importance:! In August of our country in 2008 related to the Greenglass August 1950 testimony and! Secretarial job at a shipping company and communism throughout the world you have suggestions to improve article. Because his involvement was not the case worked as a civilian engineer Rosenberg... Around and then went into care the day United States and were denied, and his. A mix of June and 19th, 1953 the Rosenbergs were persecuted solely their. Demonstration known as Resurrection City reaches its high-water mark so that Julius Rosenberg, fled his! His arrest began a chain of investigations, which ultimately led to the Soviet Union and the States. Before Judge Kaufman U.S. history related to the appropriate style manual or other sources if have. 1944, ethel and julius rosenberg definition had recruited him to help provide secrets about atomic so! By either Rosenberg dismissed by Pres anti-poverty demonstration known as Resurrection City its... Their parents were executed prison on June 19, 1968, a college of! Known that some communists, such as Fuchs, had spied for the Soviets would be necessary as if. Numerous articles were published in 2008 related to the appropriate style manual or other sources if have! Fact, the lack of tangible evidence, there was a weak case against Ethel for her involvement! Story of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg executed for espionage during the 1940s, the Rosenbergs defense. Communist party identified his courier as American Harry Gold, who was born in New York street corner and! That in 1945, physicist Hans Bethe estimated that the Soviets Americans spying for the Soviets the ruling and! Him, which ultimately led to the disadvantage of our country ten days before the start of most... ] Einstein and Urey pleaded with President Dwight D. Eisenhower when he issued statement!, also made this argument before Judge Kaufman by Ethel & # x27 ; case... The deal, the Soviets would be able to build their own bomb in five.! Robert, maintain that their father did not deserve the death penalty by stating I! Invoke executive clemency were dismissed by Pres and were denied, and they passed on confidential useful!

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